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In Vivo CAR-T Cell Therapy, How It Works

A 5-step animated schematic: from vector delivery to tumor killing inside the body

An animated schematic of in vivo CAR-T cell therapy showing how viral vectors or lipid nanoparticles deliver the CAR gene directly into T cells inside the patient's bloodstream, from injection to tumor killing.

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In vivo CAR-T is an emerging next-generation alternative to traditional ex vivo manufacturing. Rather than removing and engineering T cells outside the body, this approach delivers the CAR gene directly into the patient using viral vectors or lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) reprogramming T cells inside the bloodstream. A 2025 peer-reviewed review in the Journal of Translational Medicine (Pinto et al.) confirms that in vivo T cell engineering can eliminate the complexity and cost of ex vivo manufacturing, potentially making CAR-T therapy accessible to patients who currently cannot benefit from it.

Reference: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12967-024-06052-3

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Animated schematic of ex vivo CAR-T cell therapy showing leukapheresis, T cell isolation, viral transduction, expansion, and reinfusion in 5 steps

Ex Vivo CAR-T Cell Therapy, How It Works

A 5-step animated schematic: from T cell collection to patient reinfusion

An animated schematic of ex vivo CAR-T cell therapy showing all 5 manufacturing steps: leukapheresis, T cell isolation, viral transduction, ex vivo expansion, and patient reinfusion.

1 min readView schematic